I really enjoyed the HyPorts-Meet4Hydrogen conference in Trois-Rivières this week.

The Hy2gen and Greenfield Global presentations were particularly interesting. In both cases, green hydrogen is used in industrial processes, and not directly as an energy carrier.
–  Hy2Gen, in Baie-Comeau, will produce ammonium nitrate used to make explosives. Green hydrogen, produced from North Shore hydroelectricity, is used as an input for the ammonium nitrate also used on the North Shore, making it possible to partially decarbonize the mining sector. We could almost talk about a circular economy!
–  Greenfield produces methanol and ethanol, and biodiesel and sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) in the future, which can be used as an energy carrier, with hydrogen being an input in these processes. These products are primarily aimed at the maritime market, and eventually at land and air transport.

Hy2Gen and Greenfield projects also align with the strategy of the Québec government (also presenting) to promote the local use of green hydrogen.

There were several presentations from European ports, such as Rotterdam and Dunkirk. The scale of green hydrogen and renewable fuel projects (which are being implemented there) is colossal. There is no doubt that we will need large amounts of green hydrogen, both to replace grey hydrogen in its current applications (ammonia, methanol, iron ore reduction, etc.) and for the expansion of these applications.

Some presentations, including those of Rotterdam and Dunkirk, assume a great demand for hydrogen as a direct energy carrier for land transport. Listening to all the presentations, I find it difficult to see how we could justify the use of hydrogen in fuel cells or in internal combustion engines in transportation when we can use renewable methanol, ethanol or diesel (partly made with green hydrogen as an input). Obviously, this is more expensive than fossil diesel, but presumably cheaper than deploying hydrogen distribution infrastructure for the few applications where direct or battery electrification will not be possible. In addition, current vehicles can be used instead of having fuel cell vehicles that are 2 times more expensive… In my opinion, there will probably be a few niche apps for fuel cells, but niches, no more. One could criticize the carbon footprint of renewable fuels, which is potentially larger than that of the green hydrogen-fuel cell pathway, but renewable fuels are a big step forward and probably a lower-cost decarbonization approach. Also, it should be noted that there will be some constraints to overcome, such as the freezing point of biodiesel.