Category Archives: Québec

Comment la chaîne de valeur de l’électricité au Québec se compare au reste du monde

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Dotée d’une hydroélectricité abondante, la chaîne de valeur de l’électricité du Québec s’est développée à sa façon. À titre de comparaison, la figure ci-dessous illustre les rôles communs des différents acteurs qui fournissent de l’électricité dans le monde.

En Europe, au Royaume-Uni, dans la plupart des États-Unis et en Ontario et en Alberta, des acteurs discrets remplissent chacune des cases du diagramme. Plus particulièrement, les producteurs vendent de l’électricité sur les marchés de l’énergie, achetée par des détaillants indépendants pour la revendre aux clients finaux. Les détaillants ne vendent que de l’énergie et ils ne sont pas propriétaires du réseau reliant les producteurs aux clients. Les détaillants peuvent être des entreprises privées concurrentielles ou des organismes publics sans but lucratif, selon les régions. Le flux d’électricité des producteurs aux clients est contrôlé par un opérateur de système indépendant. Les réseaux de transport et de distribution, qui sont des goulots, sont réglementés sur le prix, souvent avec des incitations à la fiabilité et aux coûts. Mais, dans l’ensemble, c’est la même chose que vous (le client) ayant un accès Internet filaire d’une société de téléphone ou de câblodistribution (c.-à-d. le réseau) pour ensuite acheter des services multimédias vendus par Netflix ou Apple (c.-à-d. les producteurs).

Au Québec, Hydro Québec est le producteur, le transporteur et le distributeur dominants. Elle a son propre opérateur de système interne et utilise des appels d’offres et des contrats gré à gré, et non un marché, pour acheter auprès de certains producteurs d’électricité indépendants. La vente au détail d’électricité est fournie avec la distribution d’électricité et il n’y a pas d’agrégateurs pour la gestion des pointes. Il y a très peu de stockage sur le réseau (autre que les vastes réservoirs) et peu de ressources énergétiques distribuées (RÉD). L’organisme de réglementation provincial n’approuve plus les dépenses du service public et les prix de l’électricité, maintenant rattachés à l’indice des prix à la consommation, jusqu’à concurrence de 3 %.

Le dégroupement de la chaîne de valeur de l’électricité du Québec, en partie ou autant qu’en Europe, ne peut se faire sans évaluer les avantages et les inconvénients de cette approche. Cependant, nous devons certainement regarder comment d’autres ont fait face à la rareté d’électricité alors que nous nous prélassions dans l’abondance. Parce que, après tout, il y aura plus de rareté que d’abondance à l’avenir.

How Québec’s Electricity Value Chain Compares to the World

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Endowed with abundant hydropower, Québec’s electricity value chain developed in its own way. For comparison, the figure below illustrates the common roles of the various players delivering electricity to the world.

In Europe, the UK, most of the US and in Ontario and Alberta, discrete actors fill each of the boxes in the diagram. Most notably, producers sell electricity on energy markets, bought by independent retailers for resale to end customers. Retailers only sell energy and they do not own the grid connecting producers to customers. Retailers can either be competitive private ventures or not-for-profit public agencies, depending on regions. The flow of electricity from producers to customers is controlled by an independent system operator. The transmission and distribution grids, which are bottleneck facilities, are regulated on price, often with reliability and cost incentives. But, overall, this is the same as you (the customer) having a wired Internet access from a phone or cable company (aka the grid) and then buying media services sold by Netflix or Apple (aka producers).

In Québec, Hydro Québec is the dominant producer, transmitter, and distributor. It has its own internal system operator and uses tenders and negotiated contracts, not a market, to buy from some independent power producers. Electricity retail is bundled with electricity distribution and there are no aggregators for peak management. There is very little grid storage (other than the vast reservoirs) and few Distributed Energy Resources (DER). The provincial regulator no longer approves spending by the utility and the electricity prices, now pegged to the consumer price index, up to 3%.

Unbundling Québec’s electricity value chain, partly or as much as it is in Europe, cannot be done without assessing the pros and cons of this approach. However, we certainly need to look how others have coped with electricity scarcity while we basked in abundance. Because, after all, there will be more scarcity than abundance in the future.

The Impact of Industrial Policies on Québec’s Electricity Industry

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With the energy transition, Québec is currently at a turning point reminiscent of the period following the Quiet Revolution, in the 1960s and 1970s, when successive Unionist, Liberal and PQ governments initiated the development of the Manic-Outardes project, which doubled Québec’s electricity generation capacity, and then Churchill Falls (Labrador) and James Bay, which doubled it again. Today, there is again talk of doubling by 2050. But increasing Hydro Québec’s generation capacity was not the only highlight of the 1960s and 1970s.

In the 1960s and 1970s, governments also used the construction of major hydro plants to enable French-speaking Quebecers to take control of the province’s economic development. This economic development occurred both in the secondary sector (electrical equipment manufacturing and aluminum smelters) and in the tertiary sector (large consulting engineering firms and, a little later, in information technology).

We can still hear the echoes of this decision because there are about 65,000 jobs related to the electricity industry, only a third of which are at Hydro-Québec.

Québec is now Canada’s electrical manufacturing hub: we have 36.3% of Canadian electrical manufacturing jobs, but only 22.7% of total Canadian manufacturing jobs. In other words, we have proportionally twice as many jobs in electrical equipment manufacturing as Canada outside Québec. This includes the manufacture of electrical power generation and systems, as well as appliances used by residential and commercial customers, such as heaters and advanced control systems.

Obviously, the impact of these industrial policies on the aluminum smelting industry is well known: it has experienced considerable growth, with 30,000 jobs.

And that’s not all: this period also saw the emergence of world-class Québec consulting engineering firms, some of which reached the top-10 in the world, such as SNC-Lavalin (AtkinsRéalis). Our consulting engineering firms are present throughout the value chain, from large dams to residential energy efficiency assessments.

In the 1970s, the industry’s need for control and management systems propelled the information technology sector — CGI, LGS, an IBM Company and DMR come to mind. In a way, it’s safe to say that even the artificial intelligence sector that Québec is now known for was driven by the electrification decisions made by our grandparents.